Brassinosteroiders roll i stimulering av tillväxt och stress tolerans hos växter efter priming med nyttiga bakterier

Brassinosteroids (BR) are plant hormones widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom in low concentrations and with structural homology to animal and insect steroids. BR are involved in numerous physiological processes, and they also fulfill an antagonistic role in anti-herbivory structure formation in tomato (Campos et al., 2009). In order to characterize the role of BR upon priming with B. amyloliquefasciens 5113, gene expression analysis of BR genes was assessed in Arabidopsis thaliana. BAK1, BRI1 and DWF1 expression down-regulates, while DET2 upregulates upon bacterial priming. CPD gene expression was not affected by priming. qPCR analysis of VSP2 and PR1 were performed on BR mutants upon priming with B. amyloliquefasciens 5113. Basal levels of PR1 were higher in det2, bak1 and dwf1 compared to primed samples. Primed bri1 displayed two-fold higher expression of PR1 compared to untreated bri1. VSP2 level goes up on det2, bak1 and bri1 upon priming. No changes of VSP2 expression were observed in dwf1 upon priming. Methyl jasmonate treatment up-regulates VSP2 level twofold in det2 and nine-fold in bak1. The role of BR genes in response to insect attack was examined. BR genes appear not to be responsive to herbivory by S. littoralis. However, S. littoralis larvae fed more on BR mutants compared to those that fed on Col-0 WT. In order to understand the role of BR in JA signaling pTRV-JAR1 and pTRV-LOX2 constructs were developed and virus induced gene silencing were performed on Col-0 and BR mutants bak1 and det2. Gene silencing was confirmed by qPCR analysis of the target genes in Col-0 and det2, but not in bak1. Further insect feeding experiments are required to elucidate if BR play a role in defense responses to herbivory when JA signaling pathway is compromised

A Multifunctional Comparison of Conventional versus Alternative Olive Systems in Spain by Using AHP

Sustainability of agriculture is strongly related to the multifunctional role implicitly or explicitly recognized to it in the framework of the European Union CAP. This multifunctional role entails a multicriteria approach when assessing the performance and value for society of farming systems. Multicriteria assessment of agricultural systems is characterized by the existence of many criteria often conflicting among then, many stakeholders and decision-makers with competing interests, and lack of information. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multicriteria methodology that allows dealing with these problems, in a relatively easy, flexible and economical manner, and therefore it is a potentially useful tool in this field, although its application with this purpose has not been found in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims (1) to present AHP as a useful methodology to effectively assess and compare the multifunctional performances of agricultural systems, and (2) to apply AHP in the comparison, on the basis of experts' knowledge, of multiple functions -economic, technical, sociocultural and environmental- of conventional, organic and integrated olive producing systems in a region of Spain, and test the hypothetical superiority of the alternative systems with respect to the conventional one in the medium/long term and the average conditions of the region. Results confirm this global superiority thus providing a scientific base to endorse institutional and social support regarding the promotion and implementation of these alternative farming techniques. However, environmental issues are the more conflictive among experts and require a more in depth research in the future to clarify many of them.organic farming, integrated farming, olive-growing systems, AHP, multicriteria analysis., Crop Production/Industries, Q50, Q57, Q51, Q56, C6,

Exact numerical methods for a many-body Wannier Stark system

We present exact methods for the numerical integration of the Wannier-Stark system in a many-body scenario including two Bloch bands. Our ab initio approaches allow for the treatment of a few-body problem with bosonic statistics and strong interparticle interaction. The numerical implementation is based on the Lanczos algorithm for the diagonalization of large, but sparse symmetric Floquet matrices. We analyze the scheme efficiency in terms of the computational time, which is shown to scale polynomially with the size of the system. The numerically computed eigensystem is applied to the analysis of the Floquet Hamiltonian describing our problem. We show that this allows, for instance, for the efficient detection and characterization of avoided crossings and their statistical analysis. We finally compare the efficiency of our Lanczos diagonalization for computing the temporal evolution of our many-body system with an explicit fourth order Runge-Kutta integration. Both implementations heavily exploit efficient matrix-vector multiplication schemes. Our results should permit an extrapolation of the applicability of exact methods to increasing sizes of generic many-body quantum problems with bosonic statistics

Nuevo criterio para la estimación de información de estado de certificados en MANET

En general, la validación del estado de certificados es una operación crítica, que adquiere una mayor complejidad en las redes móviles ad-hoc (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, MANETs). Los usuarios de las redes MANET precisan de soluciones para gestionar tanto la falta de una infraestructura fija dentro de la red, como la posible ausencia de conexión a autoridades de confianza en el momento de efectuarse la validación del certificado. No obstante, la validación del certificado supone comprobar la validez de certificados en tiempo real, es decir, en el momento en que se vaya a operar con un certificado en particular. En tales entornos MANET, un nodo podría no tener conexión a la fuente de información de datos de estado cuando necesitara comprobar la validez de un certificado. En este artículo analizamos cómo desplegar un servicio de comprobación del estado de certificados PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) para redes MANET. Asimismo, se propone un nuevo criterio que resulta más apropiado y absoluto que los que han sido considerados hasta la fecha, como puede ser el tiempo transcurrido desde que se emitió la información de estado del certificado. El nuevo criterio que exponemos en este artículo tiene en cuenta el proceso global de revocación y se basa en el riesgo para evaluar los datos de estado cacheado

La necesidad de la pena como criterio determinante en la procedencia de la regla del artículo 103 del Código Penal en ilícitos de lesa humanidad: Comentario a la sentencia 34.447-2016 de la Corte Suprema

In the Supreme Court an intense debate exists on the proceeds of the rule of the article 103 of the Penal Code in the crimes against humanity because of the prohibition that the Humanitarian International Criminal Law establishes for the full prescription of those crimes. The resolution of the controversy has happened for determining if the foundations of the prescription, specially of «need of sentence», are diverse or analogous to those of the so-called «half prescription».En la Corte Suprema existe un intenso debate sobre la procedencia de la regla del artículo 103 del Código Penal en los delitos de lesa humanidad debido a la prohibición que el derecho penal humanitario internacional establece para la prescripción plena de aquellos ilícitos. La resolución de la controversia ha pasado por determinar si los fundamentos de la prescripción, especialmente el de «necesidad de la pena», son diversos o análogos a los de la llamada «media prescripción»

Batenso new textile façade framing system: development, CFD wind analysis optimization and application to the “Oasis” hotel aesthetical refurbishing and climatic improvement

This paper describes the use of BATenso Textile Façade framing system and its application to the Hotel Oasis refurbishing, for aesthetical and climatic improvement

On the Measurement of Privacy as an Attacker's Estimation Error

A wide variety of privacy metrics have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the level of protection offered by privacy enhancing-technologies. Most of these metrics are specific to concrete systems and adversarial models, and are difficult to generalize or translate to other contexts. Furthermore, a better understanding of the relationships between the different privacy metrics is needed to enable more grounded and systematic approach to measuring privacy, as well as to assist systems designers in selecting the most appropriate metric for a given application. In this work we propose a theoretical framework for privacy-preserving systems, endowed with a general definition of privacy in terms of the estimation error incurred by an attacker who aims to disclose the private information that the system is designed to conceal. We show that our framework permits interpreting and comparing a number of well-known metrics under a common perspective. The arguments behind these interpretations are based on fundamental results related to the theories of information, probability and Bayes decision.Comment: This paper has 18 pages and 17 figure

Criterios de selección entre estrategias de adquisición y renta: caso de estudio

La Universidad Nacional de Colombia como una entidad de educación superior cuenta con una estructura administrativa y de servicio robusta con el fin de dar soporte a su labor misional, en la formación de profesionales e investigadores para el país, particularmente dispone de una Sección de Transportes para brindar los servicios de movilidad a estudiantes y docentes en complemento a las actividades académicas desarrolladas dentro de los programas curriculares ofrecidos por cada una de las 11 facultades que integran la sede Bogotá. Esta dependencia cuenta con un amplio parque automotor propio que demanda un importante mantenimiento para su adecuada operación, dichas tareas técnicas son realizadas a través de talleres externos y en áreas especializadas dependiendo el tipo de automotor.Egresado